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Prepositions of Place

In English, prepositions of place help tell the position of an object in relation to other things.

In

Definition: inside^[1]https://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-prepositions-place.php

Examples:

I am in the car.
She is in school.
The toys are in the box.

On

Definition: an object is above something else and touching it.

Examples:

The food is on the table.
The check is on your desk.
The dog is sitting on the couch.

Under

Definition: an object is lower than another object while being covered by it.

Examples:

I am under the covers.
The car is under the snow.
My shoes are under the bed.

Above

Definition: an object is higher than another object but not directly over it.

Examples:

There are clouds above our heads.
The birds are flying above us.
The plane was flying above us.

Below

Definition: an object is lower than another object.

Examples:

The planes flew below the clouds.
I was below him in rank.

In front of

Definition: further in front of something/someone else.

Examples:

She was in front of me in the line.
I was talking to the person in front of me.
He parked the car in front of the store.

Behind

Definition: an object at the back of another object.

Examples:

I parked my car behind the store.
Please stay behind me.
She hid behind her friend.

Between

Definition: an object in the space between two other objects.

Examples:

I had to sit between two large people on the plane.
I live between Los Angeles and San Francisco.
I parked my car between the two stores.

Among

Definition: an object is in the middle of a group of other objects.

Examples:

I placed my pencil among my other things.
I am among a group of people.

Next to

Definition: an object is not far away from another object.

Examples:

I live next to the store.
Please sit next to me.
The movie theater is next to the restaurant.

Near

Definition: an object is not far away from another object.

Examples:

I live near the high school.
She lives near the ocean.

Far from

Definition: an object is not close to another object.

Examples:

I live far from the store.
The dog is far from the house.

Practice Exercises

Answer True or False for each question about the picture below.

References[+]

References
↑1	https://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-prepositions-place.php

Comparatives and Superlatives

We use comparatives and superlatives to describe things.^[1]British Council – Comparative and superlative adjectives

Comparatives are used to describe two objects.
Superlatives are used to describe three or more objects.

Adjective Vocabulary

Fast – quick, rapid
Slow – not moving fast
Nice – friendly
Strange – unusual
Big – large
Hot – high in temperature
Happy – full of joy
Crazy – insane
Famous – well known
Beautiful – very attractive
Good – better than average
Bad – evil^[2]https://www.wordreference.com/

How to Form Comparatives and Superlatives

The general rules are:

Add –er for comparatives
Add –est for superlatives

1 Syllable Words

For one syllable words we add –er for comparatives.

For example:

She is faster than me. (fast)
He is slower than her. (slow)

It is important to add the word than after a comparative.

For one syllable words we add –est for superlatives.

For example:

She is the fastest runner in the school. (fast)
He is the slowest runner in the school. (slow)

It is important to add the word the before a superlative.

1 Syllable Words Ending in –e

For one syllable words ending –e, we add “r” for comparatives.

For example:

They are nicer than us. (nice)
He is stranger than me. (strange)

For one syllable words ending in –e, we add “st” for the superlative.

For example:

She is the nicest person in my class. (nice)
They are the strangest people in our neighborhood. (strange)

1 Syllable Words (Consonant + Vowel + Consonant)

For one syllable words that end in consonant + vowel + consonant, we double the last consonant and add “er” for comparatives.

For example:

He is bigger than me. (big)
It is hotter today than yesterday. (hot)

For one syllable words that end in consonant + vowel + consonant, we double the last consonant and add “est” for superlatives.

For example:

She is the biggest basketball player on her team. (big)
Today is the hottest day in the year. (hot)

2 Syllable Words ending in –y

For 2 syllable words ending in –y, we delete the “y” and add “ier” for comparatives.

For example:

She is happier than you. (happy)
We are crazier than them. (crazy)

For 2 syllable words ending in –y, we delete the “y” and add “iest” for superlatives.

For example:

They are the happiest people in the world. (happy)
They are the craziest people in the world. (crazy)

2 or More Syllable Words

For words that are 2 or more syllables long, we add more + adjective for comparatives.

For example:

I am more famous than you. (famous)
I am more beautiful than her. (beautiful)

For words that are 2 or more syllables lone, we add most + adjective for superlatives.

For example:

She is the most famous writer in the world. (famous)
She is the most beautiful woman in the world. (beautiful)

Exceptions

There are some words that are exceptions and don’t follow the above rules.

For example:

Good

I am better than you.

I am the best in the world.

Bad

I am worse than you.

I am the worst in the world.

Practice Exercises

Please go to Comparatives and Superlatives to view this quiz

References[+]

References
↑1	British Council – Comparative and superlative adjectives
↑2	https://www.wordreference.com/

Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns represent a thing or things. It is often used with the verb “to be“.

Rules

Demonstrative pronouns have to identify nouns. In addition, it can take the place of a noun. For example, “Look at this.” We don’t know what “this” is but it represents a physical object.
This usually describes things, places, animals, and people.
Demonstrative pronouns are not the same as demonstrative adjectives. While the words are the same, demonstrative adjectives must qualify a noun, while demonstrative nouns can stand alone.

Examples

This is my house.
That is my car.
These are your exams.
Those are big apple.
What is this?
What is that?
What are these?
What are those?

Practice Exercises

Please go to Demonstrative Pronouns to view this quiz

Prepositions of Time

In English, we use prepositions of time to talk about specific periods of time.^[1]https://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/preposition/preposition-time/ This is important when talking about date and time.

At

“At” is generally used to describe very specific times such as holidays and times on the clock.

For example:

Expressions

at night
at present
at night

Holidays

at Christmas
at Easter
at Thanksgiving

Mealtimes

at breakfast
at lunch
at dinner

Times of Day

at 2:00 PM
at noon
at midnight
at 3 o’clock

Questions

What time is the meeting at? It is at 5:30 pm.
At what time do you want to talk? Let’s talk at lunchtime.
When will we see you? I will be home at Christmas.

In

“In” is used for general periods of time such as centuries, general time of day, seasons, and months.

For example:

Centuries

in the 19^th century
in the 20^th century
in the 21^st century

Decades

in the 20s
in the 40s
in the 70s

Long Periods

in the past
in the Middle Ages

Months

in February
in March
in September

Parts of the Day

in the morning
in the afternoon
in the evening

Seasons

in spring
in summer
in autumn
in winter

Years

in 1995
in 2001

Questions

When are you going to be home? I will be home in summer.
When were you born? I was born in the 80s.
When is the exam? It is in June.

On

“On” is used to talk about special days, portions of days, specific days, and days of the week.

Dates

on September 2^nd
on June 15th

Days

on Monday
on Tuesday
on your birthday
on New Year’s Day

Parts of Specific Days

on Tuesday morning
on Saturday evening
on Sunday night
on Monday afternoon

Questions

When do you get back? I get back on Friday evening.
When is the party? It is on December 5^th.
When do you start work? I start work on Monday.

Please go to Prepositions of Time to view this quiz

References[+]

References
↑1	https://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/preposition/preposition-time/

Telling time in English

Learn numbers is one of the first things you do when studying English. Using numbers to tell time is one of the first practical ways to use numbers.

Morning or Evening?

In the United States, Americans generally us AM and PM to distinguish between the morning and the evening/afternoon.

For example,

In some countries you might say 2h30; however, in the US, you would say 2:30 AM.

In some countries you might say 14h30; however, in the US, you would say 2:30 PM.

If you just say 2:30, we don’t know if you mean AM or PM.

This can be confusing when making appointments, so make sure to be clear and say AM or PM.

Time of Day Vocabulary

If you don’t want to say AM or PM, you can use time of day vocabulary to specify what time you are talking about.

Morning = AM
Noon = 12:00 PM
Midday = 11:00 AM – 2 PM
Afternoon = 12:00 PM – 6:00 PM
Evening = 6:00 PM – 12:00 AM
Midnight = 12:00 AM

Asking for the time

When asking for the time we usually say:

What time is it?

You can respond with:

It is…

When asking for the specific time for something we use:

At + time

For example,

What time does the game start? It starts at 7:30 PM.

How to say the Date in English

When asking for the date in English there are several things you need to consider.^[1]https://www.woodwardenglish.com/lesson/how-to-say-the-date-in-english/

Months of the Year

The months of the year are

January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December

Days of the Week

Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday

In general, for most people, weekdays are Monday – Friday and the weekend is Saturday and Sunday.

Ordinal Numbers

When talking about days in English we use ordinal numbers.

Ordinal numbers show the sequence of things. Normally, it ends in –th.

The only exceptions are 1^st, 2^nd, and 3^rd.

1^st – first
2^nd – second
3^rd – third
4^th – fourth
5^th – fifth
6^th – sixth
7^th – seventh
8^th – eighth
9^th – ninth
10^th – tenth
11^th – eleventh
12^th – twelfth
13^th – thirteenth
14^th – fourteenth
15^th – fifteenth
16^th – sixteenth
17^th – seventeenth
18^th – eighteenth
19^th – nineteenth
20^th – twentieth
21^st – twenty-first
22^nd – twenty-second
23^rd – twenty-third

How to say the years in English

In English, we usually divide the year in two and say the two parts separately.

For example:

1999 = 19 + 99 (nineteen ninety-nine)
2010 = 20 + 10 (twenty ten)
1872 = 18 + 72 (eighteen seventy-two)
2017 = 20 + 17 (twenty seventeen)

One of the exceptions to this is for the dates 2000 – 2009.

For example:

2001 ≠ 20 + 01 instead you say (two thousand and one)
2005 ≠ 20 + 05 instead you say (two thousand and five)

In addition, for the first decade after the century you say it a bit differently (“oh” + number)

For example:

1905 = nineteen + “oh” + five
1806 = eighteen + “oh” + five

How to ask for the date

There are several ways to ask for the date in English.

What’s today’s date?
What date is it?
What’s today?
What day is today?

You can respond with:

It is…
Today is…
The date is…
The date today is…

Examples of Date and Time

What is today’s date? It is January 6^th, 2019.

When is the appointment? It is on Monday November 11^th, 2019 at 5:30 PM.

References[+]

References
↑1	https://www.woodwardenglish.com/lesson/how-to-say-the-date-in-english/

Numbers in English

It is important to learn English numbers, such as for dates. Once you know the basics, it is quite easy to say any number in English!

Telephone Numbers in English

In English, we usually say phone number rather than telephone number.^[1]https://www.woodwardenglish.com/lesson/telephone-numbers-in-english/

In addition, in England they usually say Mobile phone while in the United States they say Cell phone.

In English, we say each number separately in a phone number.

For example:

(721) 985-1234 = seven two one nine eight five one two three four

Saying 0 in a phone number

If there is a 0 (zero) in a phone number, there are two ways to say it in English.

It is quite common to say “oh” instead of “zero”

(203) 105-2090 = two oh three one oh five two oh nine oh

You can also say “zero”

(203) 105-2090 = two zero three one zero five two zero nine zero

How to ask for a phone number

Question

What is your phone number?

Answer

It is + phone number.

References[+]

References
↑1	https://www.woodwardenglish.com/lesson/telephone-numbers-in-english/

Possessive adjectives are used to shown possession of something.^[1]https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/possessive_adjectives.htm However, when we use possessive adjectives with people it refers to relationship.

Adjectives in English

Adjectives in English must come before the noun.

Adjective + noun

How Possessive Adjectives Work

In addition, the possessive adjective must agree with the person or thing possessing and not the thing that is being possessed.

For example:

My dog is big. (my doesn’t refer to the dog, but to “I”)

His dog is big. (his doesn’t refer to the dog, but to “he”)

Our dog is big. (our doesn’t refer to the dog, but to “we”)

Their dog is big. (their doesn’t refer to the dog, but to “they”)

Adjective Noun Plural Agreement

Unlike other languages, there isn’t any plural agreement between the possessive adjective and noun (we don’t add “s”)

Adjective ≠ Noun

For example:

Our dogs are big. (correct)

Ours dogs are big. (incorrect)

However, there needs to be noun and verb agreement.

Noun = verb

For example:

Our dog is big. (singular noun + singular verb)

Our dogs are big. (plural noun + plural verb)

Its vs. It’s

In English, don’t confuse its vs. it’s.

Its = possessive adjective

It’s = it is

References[+]

References
↑1	https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/possessive_adjectives.htm

The Verb “to be”

The verb “to be” is the most important verb in English.^[1]https://www.lingokids.com/english-for-kids/verb-to-be

Introducing Yourself

What is your name?

What is your name?
What is his name?
What is her name?

“to be” + name

I am Joe.
My name is Joe.
You are Fred.
Your name is Fred.
He is George.
His name is George.
She is Susie.
Her name is Susie.

Where are you from?

Where are you from?
Where is he from?
Where is she from?
Where are we from?
Where are they from?

“to be” + from + city

I am from Paris.
You are from London.
He is from Berlin.
She is from Madrid.
We are from Rome.
They are from Amsterdam.

“to be” + from + country

I am from France.
You are from England.
He is from Germany.
She is from Spain.
We are from Italy.
They are from the Netherlands.

What is your nationality?

What is your nationality?
What is his nationality?
What is her nationality?
What is their nationality?

“to be” + nationality

I am French.
You are English.
He is German.
She is Spanish.
We are Italian.
They are Dutch.

Additional Vocabulary

Hi
Hello
Nice to meet you.
Nice meeting you.
Bye.
Good bye.

Example Conversation

A: Hi! Nice to meet you. I’m Joe. What is your name?

B: Hi! Nice to meet you too. I am Sam.

A: Where are you from?

B: I am from Italy. Where are you from?

A: I am Dutch. I am from the Netherlands.

B: Nice meeting you!

A: Nice meeting you too! Bye!

B: Bye!

Practice Exercise

Please go to The Verb “to be” to view this quiz

References[+]