When we communicate with others, we often use words and phrases to help connect our ideas and create a cohesive message. These words and phrases are called discourse markers, and they play an important role in both spoken and written language.
What are Discourse Markers?
Discourse markers are words or phrases that help to connect ideas and indicate the relationships between them in spoken or written language. They can be used to signal changes in topic, emphasize a point, show contrast or similarity, and more.
Examples of Discourse Markers
There are many different types of discourse markers, and they can be used in a variety of ways depending on the context. Here are some common examples:
- Addition: additionally, also, moreover, furthermore, in addition
- Contrast: however, on the other hand, nevertheless, nonetheless, but, yet
- Emphasis: indeed, in fact, certainly, of course, clearly
- Time: meanwhile, in the meantime, later, previously, subsequently
- Cause and effect: therefore, consequently, as a result, because of this
These words and phrases help to create a cohesive and organized piece of communication, making it easier for the listener or reader to follow along and understand the speaker or writer’s intended meaning.
In Spoken Language
Discourse markers are especially common in spoken language, where they can help to facilitate conversation and keep it flowing smoothly. For example, when someone is telling a story, they might use these to indicate when they are changing topics or introducing a new character. This can help the listener to follow along and understand the story more easily.
Discourse markers can also be used to show agreement or disagreement in conversation. For example, if someone says something you agree with, you might use a discourse marker like “indeed” or “absolutely” to show that you agree. On the other hand, if someone says something you disagree with, you might use a discourse marker like “however” or “on the other hand” to indicate your disagreement.
In Written Language
While discourse markers are more commonly used in spoken language, they are also used in written language, particularly in academic writing. In this context, they can help to structure complex arguments and clarify relationships between ideas.
For example, if you are writing an essay that argues for a particular point of view, you might use discourse markers to show how different parts of your argument relate to each other. You might use a discourse marker like “therefore” to indicate that one part of your argument leads to another, or “on the other hand” to show that you are considering a counterargument.
Conclusion
Discourse markers play an important role in both spoken and written language, helping to connect ideas and create a cohesive message. By understanding how to use these words and phrases, you can improve your communication skills and make your ideas more clear and organized.
Example Exercises
